我国自从改革开放以后，经济就开启了开挂模式，发展势头异常迅猛，尤其是最近几年，经济直接跃升全球第二，令全世界刮目相看。看到中国发展这么迅猛，一些外国网友就对此产生了疑问，一个印度小伙子发帖称，如果中国的制度如此有效，为何只存在于中国，而未被其他发展中国家采用？这引起各国网友的广泛讨论，我们看看他们的观点。
问题
新加坡网友Bill Chen的回答
Other countries do not have China's unique historical tradition. Most Chinese people clearly realize that China's current system is actually the result of pragmatic choices.
其他国家没有中国独一无二的历史传统，大多数中国人都清楚地认识到，中国目前的制度实际上是务实选择的结果。
Many interviewees with Chinese cultural background mentioned China's folk bureaucratic tradition, so I don't need to explain it in detail, but I would like to add that China may be the only country with a strong folk bureaucratic tradition before modernization, and the subsequent system must adapt to the folk bureaucratic tradition rather than go against it, which leads to China's innate inertia in the choice of feasible systems now and in the future.
这里许多有中国文化背景的受访者都提到了中国的民间官僚传统，因此我不需要详细解释，但我想补充一点，中国可能是唯一一个在现代化之前拥有强大民间官僚传统的国家，而后来的制度必须适应民间官僚传统而不是反其道而行之，这导致中国现在乃至未来在可行的制度选择方面存在先天惯性。
I still want to mention two famous emperors. The first is of course Ying Zheng, the First Emperor of Qin.
我仍然要提到两位著名的皇帝，第一位当然是秦始皇嬴政。
As we all know, Ying Zheng has done two great things in China. The first is that he has actually unified China, and the second is that he has unified the Chinese language. These two key facts provided the possibility for the later great powers, that is, if they had enough strength, they would certainly unify China. This has led to a unique historical phenomenon. As the beginning of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms said, "Those who have been divided for a long time must be unified, and those who have been unified for a long time must be divided." This also led to the loss of the foundation of the Chinese feudal aristocratic tradition and the western feudal aristocratic tradition. After many struggles and natural selection, you can only have one aristocrat, and that aristocrat is the emperor.
众所周知，嬴政在中国做了两件大事，第一件是他事实上统一了中国，第二件是统一了中国文字。这两个关键事实为后来中国成为强国提供了可能性，即如果他们的力量足够，他一定会统一中国。这导致了一个独特的历史现象，正如《三国演义》的开篇所说，“分久必合，合久必分”这也导致了中国封建贵族传统与西方封建贵族传统的根基丧失，经过多次斗争和自然选择，你只能拥有一个贵族，那个贵族就是皇帝。
Then, let's introduce another emperor, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, Yang Jian.
那么，我们接着介绍另一位皇帝，隋文帝杨坚。
Soon, the emperor who ruled China realized that any nobleman who owned a fiefdom and private army, whether relatives or brothers, was to "unify China", so all noblemen would actually become enemies of the emperor. A wise emperor, or what we call Yang Jian, soon understood that if he did not rely on the nobility to rule the country, he could only rely on civilians. Obviously, to make civilians become the ruling class, we need to teach them the knowledge of the ruling class and set the threshold for the best talents to become the servants of the emperor. Since then, Yang Jian has established the imperial examination system, which gives civilians the opportunity to leap up the ladder of the civilian class and completely destroy the aristocratic system.
很快，统治中国的皇帝意识到，任何拥有封地和私人军队的贵族，无论是亲戚还是兄弟，都是为了自身权力，因此所有贵族实际上都会成为皇帝的敌人。一个聪明的皇帝，或者我们所说的杨坚，很快就明白了，如果他不依靠贵族统治国家，他就只能依靠平民。显然，要让平民成为统治阶级，就需要教会他们统治阶级的知识，并为最优秀的人才成为皇帝的仆人设定门槛。从那时起，杨坚建立了科举制度，让平民有机会在平民阶级的阶梯上一跃而上，彻底摧毁贵族门阀制度。
士子
? The path of upward mobility of the civilian class has been opened and can never be closed, because the civilian has a strong desire to change their destiny. The bureaucratic group is very strong, and no ruler dares to challenge this. I think it is easy to understand.
? 平民阶级向上流动的道路已经打开，而且永远无法关闭，因为平民有强烈的改变命运的愿望，官僚集团非常强大，没有统治者敢挑战这一点，我认为这很容易理解。
? A large number of civilians become part of the bureaucratic group by learning the knowledge of the ruling class, that is, Confucianism, which is the only way for civilians to break through the class. This leads to almost overlap between the intellectual class and the bureaucratic class in China. At the same time, it means that in China, learning knowledge and preparing for official positions are the same. Therefore, there is no basis for the birth of natural science in China. In the West, early scientists were usually nobles or missionaries for a reason. Because they are funded, they do not have to consider survival issues and have additional resources to complete their studies.
? 大量平民阶层通过学习统治阶级的知识，即儒家学说，成为官僚集团的一部分，这是平民突破阶级的唯一途径。这导致中国的知识分子阶层和官僚阶层之间几乎重叠，同时，这意味着在中国，学习知识和准备当官是等同的，因此自然科学在中国没有诞生的基础。在西方，早期的科学家通常是贵族或传教士，这是有原因的。因为他们得到了资助，所以他们不必考虑生存问题，并且有额外的资源来完成学业。
? Because the position of officials in the bureaucratic group only depends on the examination and political achievements, and has nothing to do with their own wealth, mercantilism has never appeared in China, and capital has never been strong enough to fight against the bureaucratic class, just because the former controls the economy, while the latter controls the state machinery, they may become allies of short-term interests, but once the interests conflict, it is always businessmen who are deprived of power. Therefore, capital is always a vassal of bureaucratic groups.
? 由于官员在官僚集团中的地位仅取决于考试和政绩，与他们自己的财富无关，这导致重商主义从未在中国出现，资本也从未强大到足以对抗官僚阶层，只是因为前者掌握经济，后者掌握国家机器，他们可能会成为短期利益的盟友，但一旦利益冲突，被剥夺权力的总是商人。因此，资本总是官僚集团的附庸。
? Because of the examination, the ruling class kept moving, and the high-ranking officials knew this, they had no choice but to provide better educational resources for future generations, but this did not guarantee that his family would always maintain this advantage, so he had to strengthen the hierarchical advantage by purchasing land. Therefore, the demise of each dynasty was due to excessive land annexation, which was inevitable.
?由于考试，统治阶级不断流动，身居高位的官员知道这一点，他别无选择，只能为后代提供更好的教育资源，但这并不能保证他的家庭永远保持这种优势，因此他不得不通过购买土地来加强阶级优势，因此，每个王朝的灭亡都是由于过度的土地兼并，这是无法避免的。
To be fair, a strong bureaucracy is a double-edged sword. First of all, the system has strong executive power and feasibility, and every policy is transmitted from the center of the empire to every corner with gear like precision. At the same time, this system has always been able to screen the most capable talents into the management system of the empire, which is the core advantage of China's competitiveness for thousands of years.
公平地说，强大的官僚体系是一把双刃剑。首先，该系统具有极强的执行力和可行性，每一项政策都以齿轮般的精度从帝国的中心传递到各个角落。与此同时，这一体系始终能够将最有能力的天才筛选到帝国的管理体系中，这是中国保持数千年竞争力的核心优势。
However, people are always selfish, especially those geniuses who hold power among civilians always want to use power as soon as possible, which has led to shocking corruption. Once the country is in crisis and its control is reduced, officials will always give priority to their own interests, so they will soon push the country into an irreversible abyss, just like the situation in the late Ming Dynasty.
然而，人们总是自私的，尤其是那些在平民中掌权的天才总是想尽快利用权力，这导致了令人震惊的腐败。一旦国家陷入危机，控制力下降，官员们总是会优先考虑自己的利益，因此他们会很快将国家推向不可挽回的深渊，就像明朝晚期的情况一样。
Due to the strong bureaucratic tradition, attempt at Western style democracy will never succeed. The reason is also very simple, because of checks and balances. As other interviewees said, the British Empire also borrowed from China's bureaucracy to form a modern civil service, and there is no problem. This is because their civil service system emerged after the aristocratic tradition, and the elected officials are usually nobles, because the established resources of nobles give them a higher probability of election. Even if they are not competent and inexperienced, they can also use their original large resource system to fight against powerful professional bureaucrats.
由于强大的官僚传统，西方式民主尝试将永远失败。原因也很简单，因为制衡。正如其他受访者所说，大英帝国也借鉴了中国的官僚机构，组建了一个现代的公务员队伍，而且没有问题。这是因为他们的公务员制度是在贵族传统之后出现的，而民选官员通常是贵族，因为贵族的既定资源给了他们更高的当选概率，即使他们能力不足、经验不足，也可以利用他们原有的大资源体系对抗强大的职业官僚。
The same is true in the United States, where only big capitalists replaced nobles. However, China's aristocratic tradition has long been destroyed, and there has never been a mercantilist tradition, so the capitalists cannot get involved in politics. Elected officials who have no foundation and only make speeches will only become puppets of powerful bureaucrats. When the power of bureaucrats cannot be controlled, the country will soon be engulfed by corruption and division.
在美国也是如此，只是大资本家取代了贵族。然而，中国的贵族传统早已被摧毁，从来没有重商主义传统，因此资本家无法涉足政治。没有根基、只有演讲的民选官员只会成为权贵官僚的傀儡。当官僚的权力无法控制时，国家将很快被腐败和分裂所吞噬。
This situation was clearly reflected in the history after the demise of the Qing Dynasty. At that time, Sun Yat sen never effectively controlled the country, and his governing philosophy was considered naive and unrealistic. Yuan Shikai, a powerful representative of the bureaucratic class, quickly controlled the country and proclaimed himself emperor. After Yuan Shikai's death, the bureaucracy was completely out of control, and the warlords formed. In order to consolidate their power, they had to sell the national interests in exchange for the support of foreign forces
这种情况在清朝灭亡后的历史上得到了明显的反映，当时孙中山从未有效地控制过国家，他的执政哲学被认为是天真和不切实际的。袁世凯，一个强大的官僚阶层的代表，迅速控制了这个国家，并称帝。袁世凯死后，官僚机构完全失控，军阀形成，为了巩固他们的权力，他们只能出卖国家利益，换取外国势力的支持……
Fortunately, history has chosen New China, and today China has skillfully used the advantages of bureaucratic tradition:
幸好，历史选择了新中国，当今中国巧妙地利用了官僚传统的有利方面：
? They are all anti aristocrats but not anti elites. They recognize that elites represent powerful productivity;
? 他们都是反贵族但不是反精英，他们认可精英代表强大的生产力；
? Both encourage a strong government to manage the country in an accurate and scientific way through wise policies and strong law enforcement;
? 两者都鼓励一个强有力的政府，通过明智的政策和强有力的执法，以精确和科学的方式管理国家；
? China's bureaucratic or intellectual class has long been influenced by Confucianism and believes that "social community" or egalitarianism is the ultimate political ideal, which is just compatible with communism.
? 中国的官僚阶层或知识分子阶层长期受到儒家思想的影响，认为“社会共同体”或平等主义是最终的政治理想，而这恰好与共产主义理想相兼容。
中国网友赵大帅的回答
First of all, this problem itself is a logical fallacy. There is no conflict between "China's system is effective" and "other developing countries have not adopted it"! If a system is suitable for managing a country, we can call it effective. Whether it is effective in other countries is not our standard.
首先，这个问题本身是一个逻辑谬论，“中国的制度是有效的”和“其他发展中国家没有采用”之间没有冲突！如果一套系统适合管理一个国家，那么我们可以称之为有效的，它在其他国家是否有效不是我们的衡量标准。
After explaining this problem, let's discuss whether China's system is adopted by developing countries. I think it has been adopted, but only partially. Although other developing countries are unable to replicate all China's systems and programmes, they do learn a lot from China.
解释完这个问题后，让我们讨论一下中国的制度是否被发展中国家采用。我认为它已经被采纳了，但只是部分采纳。虽然其他发展中国家无法复制中国的所有制度和方案，但他们确实从中国学到了很多。
For example, in the area of poverty alleviation. Since the reform and opening up, China has lifted 770 million rural poor people out of poverty. African countries have also learned from China's poverty alleviation model. In 2011, experts from China Agricultural University brought China's planting technology to a small village in Morogoro Province, Tanzania, to help local people improve food production.
例如，在扶贫方面。改革开放以来，中国已使7.7亿农村贫困人口脱贫。非洲国家也借鉴了中国的扶贫模式。2011年，中国农业大学的专家将中国的种植技术带到坦桑尼亚莫罗戈罗省的一个小村庄，帮助当地人提高粮食产量。
In the first year, under the guidance of Chinese experts, farmers' harvest increased three to five times. After nearly ten years of cultivation and efforts, with the participation and promotion of the local government, the project has been extended to 10 villages, and more than 1000 farmers have participated in the pilot demonstration. For local villagers, the Chinese approach does not require the purchase of heavy machinery. On the contrary, it can improve yield and income by changing the local method of widespread sowing, using better seeds and fertilizers, and changing the traditional planting density and field management.
第一年，在中国专家的指导下，农民的收成增加了三到五倍。经过近十年的培育和努力，在当地政府的参与和推动下，该项目已扩展到10个村庄，1000多名农民参与了试点示范。对于当地村民来说，中国的做法不需要购买重型机械。相反，通过改变当地广泛播种的方法，使用更好的种子和化肥，改变传统的种植密度和田间管理，它可以提高产量和收入。
Therefore, although other developing countries are different from China in terms of national conditions and culture, they can also adopt some Chinese practices in the field of poverty alleviation. On this basis, they formulated the identification criteria, poverty alleviation policies and poverty alleviation programs that meet their own conditions.
因此，尽管其他发展中国家在国情和文化方面与中国不同，但它们也可以采用中国在扶贫领域的一些做法。在此基础上，他们制定了符合自身条件的贫困人口认定标准、扶贫政策和扶贫方案。
In terms of ecological progress, China has embarked on a distinctive green development path, and the ecological environment has been greatly improved. After visiting China, the representative of Mongolia said that the geographical location and climate conditions of Mongolia and China's Saihanba are similar, and the experience of sand control and afforestation in Saihanba is of great significance to Mongolia.
在生态进步方面，中国走出了一条特色鲜明的绿色发展道路，生态环境得到了极大改善。蒙古国代表在访华后表示，蒙古国和中国塞罕坝的地理位置和气候条件相似，塞罕坝治沙造林的经验对蒙古国具有重要意义。
Hans Joseph Phil, President of the German Energy Watch, said during his visit to China that he was deeply impressed by China's afforestation, conversion of farmland to forests and grassland around the Gobi. He believes that China will continue to promote the application of solar energy, wind energy and clean energy, such as electric vehicles. This low-cost zero emission technology will help promote it worldwide.
德国能源观察组织主席汉斯-约瑟夫-菲尔访问中国时表示，中国在植树造林、退耕还林和戈壁周围的草地方面给他留下了深刻印象。他认为，中国将继续推广太阳能、风能和清洁能源应用，如电动汽车，这种价格低廉的零排放技术将有助于在全球范围内推广。
There are many other examples. What I want to say is that whether a country's system is effective depends on whether it is suitable for itself, not other countries. Western democracy is also very good, and other countries can learn from it, but this does not mean that it is a panacea. The same is true of other systems.
还有很多这样的例子。我想说的是，我们判断一个国家的制度是否有效，取决于它是否适合自己，而不是其他国家。西方民主也很好，其他国家可以从中学习，但这并不意味着它是万能药。其他系统也是如此。
海外网友托马斯?李的回答
Effectiveness and popularity are two different things. There is no dispute about the effectiveness measured by objective criteria such as life expectancy, education level and income. On the other hand, popularity has a completely different set of drivers. In most cases, many countries prefer simple things and implement existing cultural norms.
有效性和流行性是两回事。根据预期寿命、教育程度、收入等客观标准衡量的有效性，这些都没有争议。另一方面，流行有一套完全不同的驱动因素，在大多数情况下，许多国家喜欢简单的事情，执行现有的文化规范。
The "Chinese system" mainly uses polycentric management as a policy tool. Basically, if you want to build a huge bridge, you must first build several "pilot bridges" in small towns, collect data, evaluate, modify/improve, and then build several medium-sized bridges in a few cities, and then upgrade to the provincial level. With these data, you can submit a proposal. Then, if it is approved, it will be formulated as an official policy.
“中国制度”主要以多中心管理作为政策工具。基本上，如果说你想建一座工程浩大的桥梁，然后，首先你必须在小城镇建造几座“试点桥梁”，收集数据、评估、修改/改进，然后在少数城市建造几座中等规模的桥梁，然后提升到省级。有了这些数据，你才可以提交提案，然后，如果审批通过，它将被制定为官方政策。
Economists engaged in empirical research have always known that the "Chinese system" can hardly be copied by other countries. Small countries were the first to go out. They don't have enough people to support so many experiments. A country without a stable government will be out. These repeated experiments usually last for 10-20 years. Therefore, if you cannot maintain these experiments for such a long time due to changes in the government, you will never be able to obtain the final data set.
从事实证研究的经济学家一直知道，“中国制度”几乎不可能被其他国家复制。小国首先就出局了。他们没有足够的人口来支持这么多的试验。没有稳定政府的国家将出局。这些经过多次迭代的试验通常会持续10-20年，因此如果由于政府改变，你无法维持这些试验这么长时间，那么你就永远无法获得最终的数据集。
Therefore, the "Chinese system" requires a long and even painful exercise and experiment, and requires a lot of work. The results are usually not dramatic, but this is the most scientific and reasonable method. Therefore, as time goes on, this is the most reliable result you can achieve, and the results also prove it. Basically, this is not an accidental miracle, but the most reliable result that human beings can produce.
因此，“中国制度”是需要漫长甚至是痛苦的锤炼和实验，需要大量的工作，其结果通常没有什么戏剧性的，但这是最科学合理的方法，因此，随着时间的推移，这是你能达到的最可靠的结果，结果也证明了这一点。基本上，这不是偶然的奇迹，而是人类所能结出的最可靠的结果。
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